Most people in southern Mozambique open to a new TB vaccine

Tuberculosis remains a major health challenge in many parts of the world, and new vaccines for adolescents and adults could change how we prevent disease. To understand whether people would actually take such a vaccine if it became available, researchers led by corresponding author Kristin Nicole Bratton Nelson carried out a study in a high HIV and TB burden area of southern Mozambique in 2024. They focused on three groups who will be central to future vaccine programs: adults, adolescents and their caregivers. Using a mixed methods design, the team combined a cross-sectional survey with in-depth interviews conducted at the same time to capture both measurable levels of willingness and the reasons behind people’s views. The goal was to learn not just whether people would accept a new TB vaccine, but also what factors make acceptance more or less likely in this specific setting, so that future vaccination efforts can be better designed and targeted.

The study collected data using surveys and interviews: 151 surveys and 23 in-depth interviews were conducted. From these data the researchers reported an overall willingness to receive a new TB vaccine of 77% (148/192). In statistical analyses that accounted for other influences on vaccine decisions, adolescents were more willing than adults to get vaccinated, with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.6 (95% CI: 1.7-17.7). The analysis also showed that people who had personal experience with TB and those who had greater knowledge of the disease were more likely to say they would accept a vaccine. The interviews supported the survey findings and added depth: even among people who expressed hesitancy, a safe and effective TB vaccine that carried endorsements from healthcare workers, government agencies, and community leaders would likely achieve high uptake.

These findings matter for planning how a new TB vaccine would be introduced in places like southern Mozambique. The high reported willingness—especially among adolescents—suggests that demand could be strong if the vaccine is perceived as safe and effective and if trusted voices promote it. At the same time, the link between TB experience, knowledge and acceptance highlights the value of community education and engagement. Because the results come from one high-burden region, the authors stress that the findings are specific to southern Mozambique, but they can help shape vaccine introduction strategies after a TB vaccine is licensed and approved for use in this age group. Policymakers and health programs can use this local evidence to plan outreach, build trust, and set priorities for rolling out a future TB vaccine.