Findings indicate a need for national TB programs to adopt structured, inclusive post-treatment monitoring policies for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Incorporating PTLD and recurrent TB screening and management into such programs would likely lead to improvements in patient outcomes.

While diagnostic and treatment interventions exist within prison walls, TB prevention and post-release continuity of care remain critically under-reported in the EECA region. Further research is needed on interventions that close these gaps, including expanding preventive therapy, standardizing exit screenings, and strengthening reintegration support. Improving linkage between penitentiary TB services and civilian health systems is essential to ensure that individuals released from incarceration can continue and complete their TB treatment without interruption.