A decade-long study in Shenzhen, China, reveals that tuberculous meningitis mortality can be reduced to <10% in high-migration megacities through early intensive care and staged surgery, particularly in HIV-positive patients.

Addition of Lfx or Mfx to the BDL regimen did not significantly increase the risk of QTcF prolongation or severe arrhythmias. A slightly better profile was observed for Lfx, though the sample size was small. QTcF prolongation was mainly associated with underlying comorbidities, underscoring the importance of risk stratification and ECG monitoring in vulnerable populations. Further studies are warranted to clarify cardiac safety differences among regimens.

The developed spatial attention CNN effectively addresses data drift, identifies key biomarkers, and accurately classifies TB stages, supporting breath-based LTBI screening. Future validation in community settings is needed to confirm practical applicability.

Our dual-model framework, integrating breath-based Transformer and MLP models, enables non-invasive tracking of TB recovery and identifies patients likely to achieve favorable outcomes before 6 months. These findings support the potential of breathomics-guided tools for individualized treatment shortening, warranting prospective clinical validation in real-world settings.