The use of HHX machines among vulnerable populations significantly enhanced early TB case detection, resulting in a substantial additional yield and contributing to a statistically significant increase in notification rates. The portability of the device proved critical in reaching remote and underserved areas, improving healthcare access.

Our findings suggest a need to revisit certain strategies employed in tuberculosis IEC for the public as well as healthcare and ancillary professionals. The role of digital media is widely perceived to be evolving and significant, reflecting a need for more investment. Collaboration between IEC on tuberculosis and other public health concerns such as air pollution, antimicrobial stewardship, airborne infection control, lung cancer screening and tobacco control, is deemed useful, as is involvement of more diverse stakeholder groups. Lack of understanding of target audience, poor impact visibility, as well as scope for better financial planning, and identification and motivation of facilitating groups, were among the major challenges identified for effective IEC.